LibGuides: Fake News &amp; Misinformation: How to Spot and Verify: Tips: Recognizing Fake News &amp; Misinformation

Helpful Tips

Fake news refers to deliberate untruths, or stories that contain some truth but which aren't completely accurate, by accident or design.

Some people also claim that truthful stories are "fake news," just because they don't agree with them. This can lead to the dangerous ignoring of vital advice.

Fake news can have a negative impact on workplace behavior. For example, by damaging learning culture, and causing rumor and mistrust to spread. So, it's vital to know how to separate the real from the fake. You can do this by following these six steps:

Develop a critical mindset.
Check the source.
See who else is reporting the story.
Examine the evidence.
Don't take images at face value.
Check that it "sounds right.

Source: "How to Spot Real and Fake News: Critically Appraising Information" (MindTools).

"Fake News", Disinformation, and Propaganda, Harvard Library
Provides accessible text versions of infographics
Fact Checking, Verification & Fake News
This excellent guide was developed by librarians at the CUNY Graduate School of Journalism Research Center.
False, Misleading, Clickbait-y, and Satirical “News” Sources
© 2016 by Melissa Zimdars, assistant professor of communication & media. Created this resource as a tool for teaching students about journalism/social media/media literacy.

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Some people are asking which news sources I trust, and all I can say is that I read/watch/listen very widely, from mainstream, corporate owned sources (The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Boston Globe, The Wall Street Journal, Forbes) as well as The Atlantic, National Public Radio, and various local and alternative sources with different political perspectives (Truth-Out) some of which are included on this list. The problem: Even typically reliable sources, whether mainstream or alternative, corporate or nonprofit, rely on particular media frames to report stories and select stories based on different notions of newsworthiness. The best thing to do in our contemporary media environment is to read/watch/listen widely and often, and to be critical of the sources we share and engage with on social media.
How to recognize false content online - the new 5 Ws Tip Sheet, Media Smarts
This is a .pdf handout.
How to Spot Fake News
By Eugene Kiely and Lori Robe on FactCheck.org® a project of The Annenberg Public Policy Centerrtson, Posted on November 18, 2016.
How to Spot Misinformation
This informative blog article is by Kazimierz Rajnerowicz of Tidio.com, a company that deals with chat services and AI. Updated Nov. 29, 2022.
Letters to a Young Librarian, Information Literacy as Liberation
Blog. Tim Dickinson December 5, 2016
"Fake news" is lazy language.
Be specific. Do you mean:
A) Propaganda
B) Disinformation
C) Conspiracy theory
D) Clickbait
Look at information sources using the 5 Ws.

Infographic: How to Spot Fake News

The International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) created the "How to Spot Fake News" infographic that identifies eight simple steps. The infographic is based on a 2016 article and video by FactCheck.org on how to discover the verifiability of "news" that captures your attention. Links to the article and video appear under the infographic.

[PDF] [JPG]

Contact Karolina Andersdotter or Evgeni Hristov at IFLA Headquarters for an editable version of the infographic. The infographic is published under Creative Commons License.

Question the Authenticity of Images & Videos

Want to resist the post-truth age? Learn to analyze photos like an expert would
Article from Quartz, a global journalism website.
Seeing Isn't Believing
The Fact Checker's guide to manipulated video, from the Washington Post.
The Gallery of Fake Viral Images
Museum of Hoaxes. "When an image "goes viral" it means that something about the image is compelling, intriguing, or bizarre, which inspires numerous people to share it with others. Sometimes these images are humorous. Sometimes they're shocking. But it's relatively common for them to also be fake because hoaxers purposefully try to create dramatic, attention-grabbing scenes that people will want to share. They do this by changing or distorting an element within a photo, or by recaptioning 'real' images to make them tell a more interesting story."

Read Laterally

Even smart people are shockingly bad at analyzing sources online. This might be an actual solution.
By Laura Hazard Owen, Oct. 13, 2017. The Nieman Journalism Lab.
Lateral Reading: Reading Less and Learning More When Evaluating Digital Information
Stanford History Education Group Working Paper No. 2017-A1 -- Citation:

Wineburg, Sam and McGrew, Sarah, Lateral Reading: Reading Less and Learning More When Evaluating Digital Information (October 6, 2017). Stanford History Education Group Working Paper No. 2017-A1 . Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3048994

Common Errors and Frequent Causes

Common Errors

numbers and statistics (mixing up “billions” & “millions”)
names of people, titles, locations
ages
historical facts
superlatives like “only,” “first” and “most”
dates

Frequent Sources of Error

working from memory
making assumptions
second-hand sources

Source: Writing and Editing for Digital Media, Brian Carroll, via Google Books

Where do I fact check?

Go to the primary source when possible. Using secondary sources like other articles, blog comments and retweets can perpetuate errors.
Use your library’s electronic and print resources.
Search databases of news and journal articles, like LexisNexis or ScienceDirect, which aren’t accessible on the web, but are available as a library database
Study this guide!

Practice: Apply evaluative criteria.

Read and evaluate the following web articles. Discuss what you conclude after reading the linked articles. Is there "truth" to the claim? If so, what is the evidence for your decision? If you do not think it is true or have questions about the authority and accuracy of the claim, what is the evidence for your decision?

CLAIM: "Human beings now have the attention span of a goldfish!"

Browser Extensions

Official Media Bias Fact Check
This Chrome extension is powered by the MediaBiasFactCheck database, and it not only alerts you when you are browsing a fake news site but will clue you into the political biases of legitimate sites as well. Accurate facts do not guarantee truth, after all; different presentations can leave you with very different ideas.
Fake News Detector AI
NewsCracker (Google Chrome extension)
NewsCracker: How it works